Fra Angelico’s Coronation of the Virgin Art Use during...

The Renaissance was a movement that began in Italy with the purpose of reviving classical sources and breathing new life into them. Art specifically, would forever change, setting the stage for distinct and innovative art styles and ideas. Fra Angelico’s Coronation of the Virgin (Figure 1) and other forms of religious artwork from Renaissance Europe, although sometimes varying in interpretation, were created in order to bring social divisions together under the protection of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Commissioned for the Church of San Domenico in Fiesole, the Coronation of the Virgin was both visually beautiful, and functional as a church altarpiece. The Dominicans hoped that through such art they would be able to display their†¦show more content†¦God, as represented in a beautiful artwork, gives them hope for a better world, allowing their mind to drift away from the problem at hand. Devotional art is giving them a new view on life, a different way of seeing the ir society. For those in power this would work perfectly because it would prevent disorder, thus shaping the world around them in a manner that would please them. Society and art have always gone hand in hand, and thus as society changed, so did the way art was seen and interpreted. As society changes overtime, art has and will continue to adapt to whatever circumstances arise. No matter how drastically the symbols of religion, or the representative imagery of the physical world changes, art will constantly be reinterpreted to instill the same emotion and stance on power that has been seen in the past. It does not matter the age nor the people of the era, art will always have the same power over us that it has had before. All that will change is who is using art and what they are using it for. There will always be those who harness the power of art, as there will be those that are subject to the affect in which that type of art will have on them. Since the dawn of society, religion and art have been intertwined with the purpose of conveying a message. Religious artwork allows individuals to come together under one cause and share a meaningful relationship with one another. For

The Culture Of The African Slaves Essay - 2527 Words

Art is important to every culture, in every country, on every continent. Art is especially important to those who are oppressed in society. This reasoning is true for the culture of the African slaves in the United States from 1830 to 1877 in particular who were forced out of the life they knew, stripped of their names, and told even beaten to forget their heritage. The method to doing this is by examining the works of several enslaved artists from that time in history, and events that happened during their daily lives, surrounding major historic events we study today. Also reading articles, journals, and important historical documents about slaves and slave culture and how life was for them in this time in the United States. Then, one can better understand exactly how essential the different forms of artistic expression were in the lives of the slaves. The right to education and showing their culture through song, and music allowed slaves to pass on their history, morality and their individual stories for all to adhere and learn to tell their story. Therefore this paper will demonstrate art was important to the culture of American slaves from 1830-1877 because it allowed self-expression, taught history and practiced morality through education, song and music. Outline I. Introduction a. Back story of slave trade b. Conditions II. Slave life a. Living conditions b. Daily life III. Music a. Importance of Music b. Music Culture IV. Education a. Importance ofShow MoreRelatedThe Culture Of African Slaves792 Words   |  4 Pagesdescendants of African slaves, who have made a name for themselves through their maintenance of culture. Their food, music and history are something for the books. Yet for some reason, you really do not hear much about them. The Honduran people are separated into two various categories, the Creole and the Garifunas. They are similar in some ways, such as their fishing culture as well as how they made into to the country known as Honduras. During the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, more Africans intended forRead MoreThe African American Slave Influence On The Beginnings Of American Culture And Native Americans Essay1948 Words   |  8 PagesThe African American slave influence in the beginnings of American culture and technology and Native Americans of the North American Continent were significant in creating America. By revealing the different ways this achieved, we can see the work and techniques that drove the new country and how this created by the political, as well as ideological ramifications of their labors. With all of these contributions to the new country of the United States, we see that the formation of the world powerRead MoreAfrican American Culture in 1860 Essay769 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿AP United States History African American Culture from the Early to Mid-1800’s Throughout American history, African Americans fought to establish their own culture. Even though they were silenced by white laws and stereotypes, African Americans created their own distinct culture, to a certain extent from 1800 to 1860. By mixing their African American traditions and Christian ideas, they formed a religion, their own version of Christianity. African American rebellions, though small and infrequentRead MoreAmerican Institutional And Intellectual Life Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesinstitution of slavery destroyed African culture in America, and whether it reduced slaves to a child-like state of dependency and incompetence. Anthropologist Melville Herskovits, and historian Stanley Elkins both weigh in on this debate: Herskovits with, The Myth of the Negro Past, and Elkins with, Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life. In, Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life, Elkins asserts that African culture was all but destroyed by a repressionRead MoreAfrican Culture : Africa Is A Mystery1378 Words   |  6 PagesJulmisse 10/22/15 African Culture Africa is located in the south of the Mediterranean Sea and Europe with the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. For most people, Africa is a mystery, a dream, a place often gives people unlimited reveries. where the dense lush tropical rainforest, the world s most vast expanse of the Sahara, there is quaint rough customs, as well as their rich flavor food. To me, before I really search African, I thought that the African countries areRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1328 Words   |  6 Pagesprominent role in the history of American culture, and legislation. These institutions were especially impactful during the start of American colonization. Colonization caused the aggregated need for mass amounts of workers for cultivation infrastructure. For this reason, American settlers began the transatlantic slave trade trade. Christianity played an important role in advocating for the morality of the slave trade (Richard). In order to drive the slave i ndustry, pastors across America used theRead MoreAfrican Migrations Up to the 19th Century1283 Words   |  6 Pages Migrations have taken place by slaves and by free people of sub-Saharan Africa for over seventy thousand years, beginning with the tropical areas of the Old World and followed by Eurasia and the Americas. These migrations, or Diasporas, began with religious voyages and cultural exchanges and evolved to the slave trade and the deportation of black men, women and children to new colonies as workers and servants. Long before the Atlantic slave trade grew, merchants from Greece and the Roman EmpireRead MoreAfrican American Culture Essay1025 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican American culture contains aspects of both African and European culture at its roots. While there are claims that all traces of African heritage were beaten and stolen through processes of acculturation, I believe that the foundation, as well as a significant portion of practices and behaviors can be found in African culture. Many slaves held on tightly to their African heritage, while a slave culture sought invisibility through assimilating into European American culture. These major influencesRead MoreAfrican American Culture in the Americas741 Words   |  3 Pages African Americans brought over a distinctive culture into America from Africa. The Africans can create many different sounds that we never knew about. They revived the way we held church and worship, and brought joy to many citizens. African Americans enslaved by the South created a truly magnificent culture in slavery using new music, oral traditions, and religious ideas. Many African countries are known for their spectacular music, and during the time of slavery many African American slavesRead More African Diaspora Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican Diaspora The study of cultures in the African Diaspora is relatively young. Slavery and the trans-Atlantic slave trade brought numerous Africans, under forced and brutal conditions, to the New World. Of particular interest to many recent historians and Africanists is the extent to which Africans were able to transfer, retain, modify or transform their cultures under the conditions of their new environments. Three main schools of thought have emerged in scholarly discussion

Risk Management And Financial Performance In The Bank Of China Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1148 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited (BOCHK) is the second-largestÂÂ  commercial banking groupsÂÂ  inÂÂ  Hong Kong with more than 300 branches. In spite of its magnitude and systematic risk management, 2008 has witnessed a decline in operational income and a negative shock to BOCHK. In this report, I will first investigate the overall risk management of BOCHK followed with its measurement and management of credit risk, and finally compare the 2008 financial performance with previous year by utilizing ROE framework. I. Overall Risk Management Principles for the Management and Supervision of Interest Rate Risk published by Bank for International Settlements (2004), in 2004 provides not only a guideline on how to conduct interest rate risk management, but also principles that can be applied to manage the overall risk of a financial institution. This part will evaluate to what extent BOCHK meets this international standard. According to the report, the BOCHKs risk management governance structure is designed to cover the whole process of all businesses and embrace a swift and prudent manner to manage various risk exposures, which basically conforms to the requirements stipulated by BIS. The report shows that first, to align management strategies with the corporate interests, Chief Risk Officer (CRO) reports directly to Risk Committee as well as to Chief Executive (CE), whose responsibility is to ensure the proper implementation of the policies and procedures and oversee the effectiveness of managing and controlling risk. The regular basis reports guarantee a timely assessment of the effectiveness of risk control strategies, for which the Board of Directors has the ultimate responsibility to determine. In addition, the independent operation between business units and risk management units complies with the principle of segregation of duties since the independence is sufficient and necessary for risk management (Khambata , Dara 2006). In accordance with BISs requirement, however, risk control function (CRO) should report directly to the Board of Directors. Otherwise, some potential risk that CRO and CE may conspire to fake the risk management report would threaten the fairness of the risk management system. Secondly, BOCHKs principal banking subsidiaries Nanyang and Chiyu, executes their risk management strategy independently and share the consistent risk management policies with those of the Group, report to BOCHKs management on a regular basis. Thirdly as found in the 2004 report, BOCHKs stress testing is a risk management tool for estimating risk exposures under stressed conditions that arise from extreme but plausible macroeconomic movements. Fourthly, its information systems are well established to provide timely reports within different levels of management, while CRO stipulates specific procedures concerning the promotion of new products and activities. BOCHK also prudently enacts and administers operating limits so that risk exposures are consistent with internal policies. However, the mere existence of risk management mechanisms does not guarantee sufficiency or effectiveness. Enforcement of risk control policies should be applied to ensure an efficient risk management system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risk Management And Financial Performance In The Bank Of China Finance Essay" essay for you Create order II. Measurement and Management of Credit Risk According to the note 4 of the BOCHK financial statement in 2008, BOCHK manages two broad classes of assets: loans and advances and debt securities and derivatives. The overall assets exposure to credit risk in 2008 is HK$1,364,462 million, which includes HK$1,111,073m on-balance-sheet exposures and HK$253,389m off-balance-sheet exposures. To safeguard corporate interest, BOCHK should manage credit risk related to these assets in a prudent manner, especially during a financial crisis. This part of the report will investigate how BOCHK measures and manages credit risk of these assets. To minimize the credit risk, the 2008 report shows that BOCHK adopts credit approval policies and procedures that are reviewed and updated by the risk management department and other relevant departments. Regarding loans and advances, BOCHK not only adopts different credit control procedures and credit grading systems according to the level of risk associated with customers, but also utilizes bank s corecard for financial institutions, credit scoring system for retail credit transactions, and small business credit scorecard for small firms. BOCHK identifies credit concentration risk by industry, geography, customer and counterparty risk. For instance, classified or impaired advances are HK$1,792m in Hong Kong, HK$323m in Mainland China, and HK$23m in elsewhere. Besides, loans and advances are classified into five categories to improve the ability to identify and assess credit risk: pass, special mention, substandard, doubtable and loss. For example, the total assets marked as substandard or below, the high risk category, account for 0.08% (HK$379m). As for debt securities and securitized assets, the 2008 report indicates that BOCHK adopts the external credit rating systems, such as Moodys, to manage the credit risk. Moodys ratings in 2008 showed that 19.34% of BOCHKs debt securities rated as Aaa compared with 2.36% lower than A3 debt securities. Particularly, BOCHK applied a comprehensive methodology in determining whether a particular asset/mortgage backed security (ABS/MBS) is impaired is determined by such factors as the mark-to-market price, external rating, and delinquencies. Except these factors, ABS/MBS has to further pass the required credit enhancement coverage ratio set by BOCHK. To manage credit risk in a dynamic market environment, policies, procedures and appropriate credit risk limits have been established. The corporate organization structure defines a clear line of authority and responsibility for supervising compliance with relevant rules (Khambata , Dara 2006). For instance, the Credit Risk Assessment Committee takes charge of assessing independently all credit scoring facilities and reviewing reports submitted by risk management units. In addition, Khambata , Dara (2006) argues that collateral is another key element to manage credit risk. The value of collateral for a new loan is determined by an independent appraiser at the ti me of loan origination. Collateralized loans are subject to loan-to-value ratio limits. Collaterals are also revalued and managed periodically by BOCHK. BOCHK documents acceptance criteria, validity of collateral and revaluation of collateral on a regular basis to monitor the status of collateral. III. Financial Performance Comparison According to the 2008 reports, BOCHKs ROA and ROE were 0.26% and 3.56% in 2008, versus 1.48% and 16.64% respectively for 2007. BOCHKs Profit Margin also decreased to 5.97% in comparison with 24.24% in 2007. These substantial statistical decreases were caused mainly by the increase in impairment charges on the US non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities and other securities investment. Furthermore, significant increment in Provision for loan losses/Total operating income (2.22% to 24.95%) and dramatic decline in investment-related commission income both produced a negative impact on the profit in 2008. Increments in provision for loan losses were directly caused by the sluggish investment environment brought by the global financial crisis. As customers mostly steered clear of investment products, the investment and insurance fee income decreased by 34.3% to HK$2,964 million. Note 12 shows that net charge of impairment allowances increased from HK$1,448 in 2007 to HK$ 12, 573 in 2008. Despite of a bleak financial environment, the ineffective credit risk management was still to blame for the sudden increase in loan impairment losses. From the perspective of overall risk management, it can be suggested that BOCHK should conduct a more strict stress testing and scenario analysis to predict the sensitivity of risk factors with various degrees of severity.

Martin Luther A Life, by Martin Marty - 2696 Words

Martin Luther was a man of great thought and constantly went against the feelings and views of other people of his time. Martin Luther was born on November 10th in 1483, in the Saxon town of Eisleben located in Germany. Martin was born of mother Margrethe, who many of his enemies thought of as being a whore and a bath attendant, yet Martin recalled her later on in life as someone who was hardworking and very able and willing to punish him if he had done wrong. Martin Luther grew up in the middle-class range and wasnt born into great wealth like many other great scholars of his time were like such as Girolamo Savonarola, whos family was rich before his birth around Luther’s time. Martin Luther’s fathers name was Hans Luder, which later†¦show more content†¦Probably not. Martins 95 thesis were there on the door to spark debate and he obtained many followers through these thesis. Copies of the thesis had spread like wildfire through Germany, and eventually everyon e would know the feelings of Luther. A year later Luther was told that he needed to recant his 95 thesis, but he wouldnt. Luther thought that the papacy didnt have the power to interpret scriptures and didnt have the power to offer people freedom from sins through payment of money. Around 1520 Luther was threatened with excommunication by the pope for his constant bashing of the papacy power and later he was summoned by the Cardinal Cajetan who wanted him to recant, but Luther would not. After this time Luther had gained many followers and during his trial to recant he had something strong that I feel showed Luthers power. Luther said, â€Å"I am bound by the scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand. May God help me. Amen†. These words were strong and showed how much Luther would stand to stop the papacy pow er, which was already overpowered. One of Luthers accomplishments was the translation of the New Testament from ancient Greek to German so that all people of the Holy Roman Empire could enjoy its words and inspiration. Jumping forward,Show MoreRelatedImpact Of Martin Luther And The Reformation Of The Church784 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther and the Reformation of the Church Martin Luther did many things. He was one of the first people to defy the Catholic Church and its pope annd his writings pursaded other people to do the same. He translated the New Testament from Latin to German so common people could read it, not just clegery. Without him, the church would have been very different, as would daily life in the Renaissance and possibly today. Martin Luther was one of the most important people in the Renaissance and theRead MoreMartin Luther Character Analysis1968 Words   |  8 PagesMartin Who? â€Å"You are not only responsible for what you say, but also what you do not say†- Martin Luther. Martin Luther was an inspiring, rebellious man. Martin was the kind of man who did not like being told what to do and what to believe. He, unlike most, questioned the authorities and would not accept being controlled. He was a well educated man who strived to find the truth in the religion. Martin Luther lived an unusual life, full of rebellion and inspiration. As a consequence to his rebelliousRead MoreMartin Luther and The Protestant Reformation1110 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther What is the first thing that comes to mind when you think of October 31st? The answer is probably Halloween, correct? October 31st is a significant date, however, this paper will describe how, in 1517, Martin Luther changed the course of religion with his visionary leadership and ethical beliefs. The essay will also discuss how his traits are relevant to me as a leader. Martin Luther was one the most influential people that inspired the Protestant Reformation and impacted ChristianityRead MoreKing Henry VIII and The Reformation2328 Words   |  9 Pagesburning people at the stake for having what were supposedly heretical beliefs. King Henry VIII led the English Reformation by introducing a new church and bringing an end to the power of the Pope. Because of his love and study of the Word of God, Martin Luther launched the Reformation which reached all of Europe through his 95 Theses. Each of these events working simultaneously sparked religious unrest and contention; the Reforma tion began to materialize. The Reformation was a time of increasing religiousRead MoreThe LCMS View of Baptism: The True Meaning of Baptism1397 Words   |  6 Pageseveryone the opportunity to have everlasting life with God. Baptism is one of the few things that God asks of everyone. The purpose of Baptism is to cleanse your sins and you will be forgiven. With the blessing of God, the Holy Water cleanses the person’s sins and they are given everlasting life. In the 16th century, Martin Luther established Lutheranism in Europe when he diverged from the Catholic Church because he disagreed with some of their practices. Luther rejected traditions such as the role ofRead MoreRabbit, Run2162 Words   |  9 PagesScare era 1959 that provides the backdrop for Rabbit, Run. The drowning death of a newborn baby challenges the religious beliefs of many of the characters, and even provokes her father to dream of founding a new religion, based on the truth about life and death. The end of the novel does not tell us if he fulfills the dream’s prophecy. Rabbit, Run Theme of Identity Rabbit, Run explores the ways in which individual needs and desires, responsibility, family, religion, pop culture, and The AmericanRead MoreNot The Final CHHII 665 Essay4221 Words   |  17 PagesBaptist denomination is directly connected with the English Separatist movement.6 Furthermore, the movement has its roots in the so-called, â€Å"left wing† group that favored the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth century. Martin Luther, a Catholic monk, Calvin, Zwingli, and Brucer, influenced the religious aspect of Catholic dissenter’s lives.7 Various dissenter groups were looking for support in specific biblical doctrines from the â€Å"university of thoughts† of the day. TheRead MoreThis Tournament Goes to Eleven4982 Words   |  20 Pagesbranch of mathematics that utilizes limits, derivatives, and integrals? ANSWER: calculus [the dog was very close to minimizing his travel time on most trials] 4. This individual wrote the 1922 work Investigations of a Dog, about the day-to-day life of a canine. Groups of twenty workers are assembled to construct sections and children are taught to make miniatures with pebbles in his work The Great Wall of China. Another of his stories concludes with a large needle going through a charactersRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesSkills 25 Case 1: Work/Life Balance at Baxter 25 Working with a Team: Understanding Diversity Issues 25 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Acting Ethically 26 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 26 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Invasion of Privacy? 9 WORKPLACE ISSUES: We Are Now Entering the Blogosphere 10 Workforce Diversity 10 The Workforce Today 10 DID YOU KNOW?: Chief Diversity Officer 11 How Diversity Affects HRM 11 WORKPLACE ISSUES: Diversity Awareness 12 What Is a Work/Life Balance? 12 DID YOU

Analysis of a Possible Merger Between Vodafone and Verizon Communication Free Essays

string(242) " be helpful foe Verizon wireless future but they also think merger would be more complex because of competition between UK and USA businesses compared to the other option such as separation between Verizon communication and Verizon wireless\." Introduction: Mobile evaluation is only three decade old but there are major changes been seen year after year. There are more than 5 Billion mobile users all over the world which is served by different service provider. The major names in UK are:- Vodafone Orange Three T-Mobile O2 The services include voice calling, Internet service, multimedia messaging, video conferencing, fixed line internet etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of a Possible Merger Between Vodafone and Verizon Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vodafone Group In 1982 Racal Electronics won a private sector UK cellular licence and they set up a new network although The first call was made by using Vodafone service is few minutes passed midnight on 1st January 1985, and by 1987 Vodafone was known as largest telecommunication company in the world. They are the first in business to launch Vodapage which provides 80% of UK population paging service. By year 2010 Vodafone proved their significant global presence over 30 countries and over 40 partners markets in Europe and worldwide. The Group operates in three geographic regions Europe, Africa and Central Europe, Asia Pacific and Middle East and has an investment in Verizon Wireless in the United States. By market capitalization, Vodafone Group plc. Is one of the largest companies providing service to more than 500 million users in Europe and worldwide. The group’s main principal activity is to provide mobile telecommunication service to mobile users and operate a fixed line services for business and offices in privet and government sector. Vodafone has tried and retain their leadership in telecommunication market by providing better value, better product, and services in Europe and worldwide .Their global strategy is to embrace voice, data and internet service and to focus on satisfying customer’s needs and for that they had invested large amount for developing and launching new services for customers such as free mobile application, money transfer service, fixed and individual line internet service, Vodafone 360 etc. Vodafone group’s objective is to achieve and maintain a position of dominance in its markets in worldwide .The company has maintained a strategy of focusing on global mobile communication and providing network to allow its customers to communicate using mobile product and services. Their growth strategy is Attract, service and retain high value customers Continued geographic expansion Provision of new products and services to support growth in revenues from both voice and data. http://online.vodafone.co.uk/dispatch/Portal/appmanager/vodafone/wrp?_nfpb=true_pageLabel=template09pageID=PAV_0015 Vodafone and Verizon Wireless Merger Vodafone group has able to establish his network and on several continent including Europe, Asia, Africa, north and South America. Joint venture with Hutchison Essaar is their one of the biggest investment. Vodafone group had developed their business successfully all over the world apart from America. They had entered to USA in 1999 merger with air touch communication and later in 2003 they also invested in Verizon wireless in which they hold 45% but still after all these they are not able to get success which they achieved in other countries. Verizon communication who owns the 55% shares in Verizon wireless is formed in 2000 mergers between two biggest companies in USA Bell Atlantic and GTE. The merger also made Verizon wireless a largest wireless network provider in USA and after that they had managed well to involve in good deal such as acquisition of Alltel Corporation who ranks eighth largest wireless network provider in USA with approx. 800000 customers. Currently Verizon communication owns most of the shear in company and management decisions in Verizon wireless. Ownership Issue Vodafone group has successful business in UK and Europe but even after 10 years in USA telecom Market they still not able to expand their business. After investing in Verizon wireless they are trying to grow in USA but they are still waiting to achieve that. At one stage there was a persistent speculation of possible merger between these two companies which will be helpful for the future of both the companies. There is huge battle going on these companies for ownership of Verizon wireless and both companies had shown interest buying out the rest of the shares. The USA telecom market is growing rapidly and with every opportunity these two companies try to be on top of each other which are one of the reasons behind delaying the possible merger between Vodafone and Verizon wireless. After financial downturn CEO of Verizon communication advised Vodafone to sell their shares in Verizon wireless which also shows the business environment between these two organisations is unstable. As research figure shows that if Vodafone and Verizon wireless obtain full merger in future the company could worth ?120 billion .Vodafone group had a market value of ?77 billion and Verizon communication $86 billion (?57billion). Vodafone group had been expecting merger between two companies should be 60:40 in Verizon wireless but the partner company is not agreed on these terms. Although with less market value Verizon wireless generates significant and continuous cash flow. They had paid dividends to his shareholder which is Vodafone group till 2005 but after they st op explaining reason is to reducing a down debts of the company. As per Bloomberg report there are three possibilities could be seen between this two organisations 1) Full merger of these two companies 2) Verizon wireless would start paying dividend to Vodafone 3) One of the partners to sell their share either to each other or to the third party. Many of the city business analyses have seen potential in these companies and they think they should solve their problems and issues in Verizon wireless which could worth ?40 billion. Royal bank of Scotland one of the largest organisations in banking sector in UK suggested that Vodafone should either merge with Verizon communication or they should sell their stake in Verizon wireless for better profitability. Vodafone CEO Vittorio Coalo also thinks the same way and he said merger is the best alternative to solve the problems in Verizon wireless than other. They had discussed number of options earlier in 2010 which could be helpful foe Verizon wireless future but they also think merger would be more complex because of competition between UK and USA businesses compared to the other option such as separation between Verizon communication and Verizon wireless. You read "Analysis of a Possible Merger Between Vodafone and Verizon Communication" in category "Essay examples" http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b1d3df72-43e7-11dd-842e-0000779fd2ac.html#axzz1KDYiXA2E http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/90bb3ae4-3ab5-11df-b6d5-00144feabdc0,s01=1.html#axzz1KDYiXA2E http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2006/mar/07/newmedia.citynews Business environment with USA Partner External environment Vodafone group is facing huge competition from his American partner and their rivals in business such as ATT wireless. Verizon communication had a joint venture with Vodafone in Verizon wireless putting pressure to sell their 45% stake in company. Expected merger between Vodafone and Verizon wireless is still on hold but in competitive telecom market partner group is bearing down Vodafone. The group operates their business from United Kingdom and provides services more than 27 countries in 5 continents. The group 80% of revenue is comes from their UK business but existence in emerging markets like India makes their position strong in telecom sector. Verizon communication is trying continuously to buy the Vodafone stake in company and ruled on Verizon wireless. In 2006 both group had played down ownership battle for Verizon wireless but they failed. Since 2000 when Vodafone group was new to US telecom market and Verizon communication was newly formed company had pooled out their US wi reless assets. Both are the largest wireless network providers in world had suffered from periodic tension. Mr Seidenbeg CEO of Verizon communication said in an interview that he would like 100% of earning from Verizon wireless because they are doing 100% work. In 2008 business analysts reported the Vodafone stake value in Verizon wireless is been increased by $10 billion to $60 and even after 2005 they had not received a dividends from Verizon wireless it seems that group thinking positive about the merger with Verizon communication. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c20625be-44a7-11de-82d6-00144feabdc0,s01=2.html#axzz1KDYiXA2E http://www.ft.com/cms/s/b1d3df72-43e7-11dd-842e-0000779fd2ac,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fb1d3df72-43e7-11dd-842e-0000779fd2ac.html_i_referer=#axzz1KDYiXA2E PESTAL Analysis Political Vodafone group had always focused of customer satisfaction for that they had shifted their business approach towards customer benefits. They had moved on from unit pricing to unit based tariff. Vodafone group had invested in United States to explore their business and make more profit from highly developed market. The group outsource their US business from outside and so they had considered different international laws in order to explore their business in other countries. They had considered the tread restriction which is also important in political factor. Recently communication commission in USA made attempt to bring telecommunication sector under government oversight more specifically put under government regulation but apparently US court denied this appeal for the D.C. circuit ruling which regards information service underlying of telephone rules. Economical Economical factors are interconnected with political factors which might affect the development of the company. The economic factors include growth rate, exchange rates, interest rates and inflation. These factors are pretty important which gives right and accurate cost to the customer so that everybody can aware of their product. During the investment in Verizon group Vodafone group had received returns in form of dividend till 2005 but after that they stopped paying explain reason to reducing the lower debt. In 2009 Verizon communication used Verizon wireless $5 billion to pay off their debts. Vodafone and Verizon wireless have 87.8 million retail customers all over America. Vodafone group owns 45% share and both the partner companies are made compelling amount of stock in telecom infrastructure class. According to Bernstein Report there are four option Verizon communication have to pay the internal borrowing which are either they could rebuilt their debt level or they could just buy Vodafone 45% share which could be more expensive. Another option they have is to start paying dividends to Vodafone or a merger with partner group. Social factors Social factors are very important for the development of the company more than any other. This is because social factors have more impact on customers regarding to the product and services. Vodafone group had invested in social factors and to make them effective they are mainly focusing on education, enterprise, health and welfare. The group runs several charitable trusts in USA and Europe which is making positive contribution to the local communities in specific projects which are run by Vodafone and Verizon group. The group had also made investment in youth projects to draw a traditional philosophy. In 2001 they had managed to raise ?3 million donation through these welfare which helped youth people all over the world to take informed decisions and choices. The group also founded Peace Parks international foundation which supports in sustainable economic development conservation of biodiversity and regional peace. Both groups also a part of voluntary service champagne to fight aga inst HIV and AIDS and other deceases like Cancer. Technological factors Technological factors focuses on research and development activities which includes development of new technology and services. Mobile phone industry is growing rapidly a great deal of technological changes and development is continued to be seen. Vodafone group offers variety of mobile phones with latest technologies to their customers. 3g technology is already helping companies to increase their sales revenues. However Vodafone has brought additional responsibility to protect young people from inappropriate content, gambling and violent games. Environmental Factors Environmental factors also important in successful business although telecom industries impact on environment is very small as compare to other industries however these companies have to work on to reduce it . Vodafone group has started CO2 ring to reduce energy consumption which will produce less carbon. Company estimated during year 2008 their business in Europe, Australia, NZ had produced 1.23 million CO2 and they aims with this ring they will reduce emission by 50% by 2020. Vodafone group is also worked in mobile phone disposals in which they helped to developed support industry to minimize phone disposals. They also had developed guidelines to reduce greenhouse gas emission and to monitoring progress. Legal factors Legal factors are very important for any organisation to form a business and it’s also important for organisation to follow them. Vodafone group have their business all over the world and throughout their business journey they had worked as per the laws and restrictions. However in some issues they had gone beyond government regulation while working in competitive market. Group also believes to retain the position in market companies must exceed the legal and industry self regulation. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/apr/22/vodafonegroup.telecoms http://www.vodafone.com/content/dam/vodafone/about/sustainability/reports/2000-01_vodafonecr.pdf http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_809fa95b-31a9-5f14-aa3f-c3c97cf20cb6.html http://www.iese.edu/research/pdfs/OP-0155-E.pdf http://www.bignerds.com/papers/17537/Pestel-Analysis-Of-Vodafone/ Internal Environment Verizon wireless works under management board of Vodafone group and Verizon communication. Although it’s true that Vodafone is included in board decisions but still they don’t have full control because of fewer stakes in firm. It’s been seen several times when Verizon communication opposed the Vodafone decision. Both companies had shown interests in buying Verizon wireless not ready for any settlement which shows their business instability. It all started in 2000 when Vodafone and Verizon communication bided for air touch communication and apparently Vodafone group won the bid which helped them to enter into USA telecom market. In March 1995 US cellular AB PCS auctioned for spectrum in 1900 MHz range in which Air touch USA, Bell Atlantic, Nynex and US west formed their joint venture called Prime co communication. Later in 1999 when Vodafone merged with Air touch Partner Company approached Air touch Vodafone about the merging wireless communication (air touch Voda fone, bell electronics, prime co) to form a Verizon Wireless but due to FCC regulation prime co and Verizon territories and region was split. When Vodafone merged with air touch CEO of Vodafone Air touch Arun Sarin was involved in various other formations of partnership’s and technology dimensions as well. Sarin was also involved in decision to use CDMA technology over GSM in root of Verizon wireless network but Verizon communication opposed to this decision specifying CDMA technology to use on Vodafone network. Both the group had formal meeting about the company expansion it seems very often when these come to any mutual decision. In 2004 Vodafone considered to buying ATT wireless Verizon communication turn out the deal to take over joint venture. Vodafone however managed well to gain profit from their business and Verizon wireless also started paying dividends in 2009 and continued to gain its value. Michel Porters Diamond Model Michel Porters diamond model form competitive advantage helps to understand the comparative position of the organisation in global competition. The model helps to measure company performance over geographic regions. Rivalry, Firm strategy, structure Vodafone group business strategy is to meet social needs of the customers which create opportunity to increase profit. Vodafone group also made consideration in developing product and services which meet the specific needs of customer in local market. The group had set their goals to be leading communication provider but huge battle with competitor and instable business in USA they are facing problem to keep up the leading position. Vodafone group runes their business all over the world and major parts covered by group are in UK and Europe. Their UK business produce 80% of revenue were they are facing competition from O2, Orange, and T-mobile. Were in USA they are competing by their partner firm who is second largest in USA and who owns most of the Verizon company stake. Verizon wireless have their business all over the America who competing against ATT who recently announced merger deal with T-mobile USA which made them strongest and leader in US telecom wireless network. Demand Conditions Demand condition plays crucial role in porter’s diamond model in business. Vodafone group have successful business in UK and Europe because they are able to evaluate demands and expectations and to fulfil them. In late 90s telecom sector was focused on providing fixed line services and in early 21 century wireless technology was introduced who gains popularity in very quick session. So as demand changed mobile companies are grown in telecom market. Vodafone group also considered customers demand they introduced I-Phone in 2010 and in first week they sold more than 400000 cells. In USA also they sold I-phone through their joint venture company and group was aware of the demand but they did not imagined the sales figure could go so high were demand was more and supply was less and therefore it is very important in business to measure demand in customer satisfaction point . Related Supporting Industries Related supporting industries are very important in relation to the grown of business. Vodafone group is working with few other companies on their territory. Vodafone group have been supported by air touch communication their partnership with Verizon communication is also somehow helping them to grow in US telecom market. Vodafone group also developed good relationship with mobile phone producing companies which is helping them to fulfil customer demands. In 2010 they made partnership with Apple to launch I-Phone which was great hit. The group also helped to develop mobile disposal industries they think disposal of mobile phone is very big problem and with their help this industries trying reduce this problem and help environment. They are also working with few other companies in telecom market to reduce CO2. Factor conditions Vodafone group had always looked for the opportunity in other countries to grow their business. They had considered emerging countries and made investment. Competitive environment also affects factors condition customers always have choices to choose between fixed lines or mobile its companies have to attract them to be in competition. http://incarnationrocks.com/2010/11/14/information-about-the-history-and-evolution-of-vodafone-as-a-companyhistory-of-vodafonevodafone-history/ http://news.cnet.com/8301-30686_3-20055922-266.html http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2011-02-01-iphone01_ST_N.htm http://www.vodafone.com/content/annualreport/annual_report09/exec_summary/op_environment_and_strategy.html Recommendation and Conclusion Vodafone group has got successes in America but their business and relationship with partners is not stable. Vodafone group had already shown their co-operation while developing their business in US telecom market and working with Verizon communication. I think Vodafone group should try for merger with Verizon communication to obtain and retain their leading position. Verizon had a control over management decision and they had paid return in form of dividends to Vodafone until 2005 but after that they stopped paying explain reason is to reduction of lower debts and for almost four years Vodafone group did not received any returns for their stake. USA telecom market is moving rapidly so buyout of Verizon wireless or 50:50 partnerships could be a very good option for Vodafone although both options are never opened for group. I think they should try to maintain good relationship with partner group for the better future of Verizon wireless. Currently Verizon wireless is a second largest wireless network provider in America which was takeover by ATT in 2010 in multimillion dollar merger with T- mobile USA. Verizon communication should pay the dividend to their partner group in future or they could try to buy Vodafone stake in Verizon wireless which are quite expensive. The company currently serves nearly 93 million customers all over the America which shows the strong position and settled business of the Verizon wireless in American market. But recent controversial business environment between partner group could affect the market value and shares of Verizon wireless. Vodafone group had experience in managing business in different countries so they can be useful for Verizon wireless in subject of developing new products and services, entering new markets. The recent merger between ATT had already affected the positions of Verizon wireless which also knocked them out from top position to second and so if the new group’s strategy is to pay off then Verizon wireless will suffer in business. http://blogs.investors.com/click/index.php/home/60-tech/1656-would-dividend-payments-kill-talk-of-verizon-vodafone-merger http://incarnationrocks.com/2010/11/14/information-about-the-history-and-evolution-of-vodafone-as-a-companyhistory-of-vodafonevodafone-history/ Appendix 1.SWOT analysis on Vodafone To identify company’s internal and external strength and weakness swot analysis is very important. Strengths Vodafone group have their business all over the world and they have ability to grow in many countries. Vodafone group have nearly 500 million customers in nearly 40 countries and 5 continent. They have very strong platform which gives them power to work in RD to innovate new products and devices in subject to the growth of the market. Group’s biggest strength is their customers. They had managed well to maintain good relationship with their service users. Good decision makers and efficient people on the board is also Vodafone group’s strongest link. Weakness Vodafone group’s biggest weakness is the capital expenditure over fixed tangible assets. In past five years their average depreciation charge been exceeded by 58% which also suggest that group might have cash shortage in future. Vodafone group has been spending lot of money on research and developing new product and services. So if the product fails in market group could face heavy loss. Legal issues with partner companies are also their business weakness Opportunity New innovations and technologies and services are expected to be major hit in telecom market. Vodafone group always try to bring new services for their users which will use by them for data transfer, calling and internet. Mobile phone industry is growing very rapidly were persuasion to have at list 1 mobile gives opportunity to mobile companies to increase their size and share in market. If Vodafone merge with their US partner will give them opportunity to establish and make their position stronger in US market. Threats Vodafone group work in developing new technologies and services and if something goes wrong with product it will leave company with heavy loss. As industry grows mobile companies have to take special care so that no one can misuse the technology and at some point they also have to accept the decisions made by social or political reasons. Competition from other companies who serves same product and services. 2) Porter’s generic strategies Relating to the SWOT analysis, Porter (1980) identified three generic strategies for competitive advantage, which can represent a distinctive strength of a company. These are shown in the diagram below: Vodafone use the cost leadership strategy and differentiation but do not adopt the focus strategy as they do not focus on a niche market. Vodafone needs to compete on a cost leadership strategy because number portability means that people will move to whoever can provide a reliable service the cheapest and by becoming the lowest cost producer in the industry through economies of scales allows Vodafone to compete on price with other producers to earn higher unit profits which in turn achieves competitive advantage through driving down costs. Vodafone also differentiate themselves through providing customers with added value through their product features and quality that are unique and different from their competitors. Marketing strategy In order to retain market leadership, Vodafone has established a set of marketing objectives. These are to: †¢ Obtain new customers †¢ Keep the customers it already has †¢ Introduce new technologies and services †¢ Continue to develop the Vodafone brand. Vodafone is achieving these objectives by continually updating their range of phones and services offered to keep ahead of its competitors. Vodafone also communicates with its customers to keep them well informed of the benefits of all Vodafone products. Marketing mix The marketing mix consists of many different factors, which are grouped together into four main categories: product, place, price and promotion. †¢ Product Vodafone’s products have many different features which provides customers with opportunities to chat, play games, send and receive pictures, change ring tones, receive information about travel and sporting events, obtain billing information and view video clips and send video messages. †¢ Place Vodafone UK operates over 300 of its own stores it also sells through independent retailers e.g. Carphone Warehouse and Phones 4 U. Customers are able to see and handle products they are considering buying and staff are on hand to ensure customers’ needs are matched with the right product and to explain the different options available to them. †¢ Price Vodafone offer various pricing structures to suit different customer groups, monthly price plans are available as well as prepay options and phone users can top up their phone online. Also Vodafone gives NECTAR reward points for every one pound spent on calls, text messages, picture messages and ring tones. †¢ Promotion Vodafone has worked with icons in the past such as David Beckham to communicate its brand values they use advertising on TV, billboards, magazines and in other media outlets to reach large audiences and spread their brand image and message effectively. Their stores have special offers, promotions and point of sale posters to attract customers inside the stores to buy and Vodafone actively develop good public relations through sending press releases to national newspapers and magazines to explain new products and ideas. Also relating to the product aspect of the marketing mix, the Boston matrix represents the company’s portfolio according to where the products stand regarding market share and growth. Bibliography Caroline Booth (2010) Strategic procurement (electronic resource through Anglia Ruskin library) organisation suppliers and supply chain for competitive advantage, London Philadelphia New Delhi page 26. David L. Rainey (2010) Enterprise- wide strategic management (electronic resource through Anglia Ruskin library) Cambridge university press page 70 J. Brits and G.H.K. Botha ,M.E. Herselman, Tshwane Conceptual Framework for Modelling Business Capabilities Retrieved from http://proceedings.informingscience.org/InSITE2007/InSITE07p151-170Brits297.pdf Claire Capon Understanding Strategic Management (2008) Pearson education ltd (page 33-53) retrieved from http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BvD4FtMWAloCpg=PA27dq=White+C+Strategic+Managementhl=enei=xkG2TfHEOpHP4wb4odT0Dwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=1ved=0CEEQ6wEwAA#v=onepageq=White%20C%20Strategic%20Managementf=false Robert M. Grant (2007) Contemporary Strategy Analysis John Wiley and Sons (page 271-322) retrieved from http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zFkXk7KbM-kCpg=PA148dq=Grant+R+M+(2007),+Contemporary+Strategy+Analysis,+Blackwellhl=enei=YES2TY6YNs7j4wbp_qQJsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=1ved=0CEUQ6wEwAA#v=onepageq=Grant%20R%20M%20(2007)%2C%20Contemporary%20Strategy%20Analysis%2C%20Blackwellf=false Website www.ft.com www.dailytelegraph.com www.gurdian.co.uk www.vodafone.co.uk www.verizonwireless.com www.bigneard.com www.academic.mintal.com How to cite Analysis of a Possible Merger Between Vodafone and Verizon Communication, Essay examples

Memorable Trip - Water Sports Activity free essay sample

Water Sports Activity H20 on 1st May 2010 Yippee!! Hurray! My Joy knew no bounds when my mother announced that CMC had arranged a water sports activity which comprised of Jet Ski, speed boat, motor boat and bay cruise. But alas, the date was the day of my results. After a lot of coaxing and cajoling, I persuaded my mother and we decided to pick up my result early and directly reach the venue. We did the same and reached H20 Water Sports. As we were reaching the venue we could see the speed at which the Jet Ski was going and butterflies started fluttering in the pits of my stomach. When we reached inside the venue, we were assured looking at the safety features provided. We were provided life Jackets and what more an expert skier was to accompany on every Jet Ski ride. I chose two of the most enthralling sports Jet Ski and speed boat. We will write a custom essay sample on Memorable Trip Water Sports Activity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We were given priority over other, since we belonged to the CMC group. The Jet Ski is a scooter shaped streamlined automobile that zips through water (l had only seen it in movies). As I went close to the Jetty, I saw a man getting down from the ski, brimming with Joy. I too felt ecstatic to board the Jet Ski and luckily my chance came next. The expert skier took me on the ride and we zoomed through the water, leaving me breathless with excitement. In fact, I even took my mothers chance so that I could go for one more round. The speed boat was an open topped small boat with high speed motor attached at its end. For balancing minimum four people were required (except the driver). My ather, mother, an uncle and I sat on the boat, with me sitting on the dashboard. The slightly bumpy, exciting and fast ride left me craving for more. After the wonderful boating experience Philomena Aunty took us to the famous Girgaum Chowpatty where scrumptious snacks lay in store for us. We were given a choice between all different kinds of chaats and we chitchatted over bottles of cold drinks and mineral water. Then we bade each other adieu. This was one of the most memorable trips whose every moment will be etched in my memory for a long time.

Strategies for International Industrial Evaluating Marketing

Question: Discuss about the Strategies for International Industrial Evaluating Marketing. Answer: Introduction: The business target market today is brutal, cutthroat and allows no slacker to survive the dynamic tides. The consumer market has changed radically since the onset of global financial crisis. To cope with the random blows of recession the business markets started the game of pleasing customers, heeding to all of the unrealistic and obscene demands, has given rise to a frightening world of completion. Bringing the conglomerates into mix, it has enthralled the consumers with a wide variety displayed across hundreds of square feet and captivating discount schemes. Consumers are now accustomed to find everything on their fingertips, and the service providers are not shying away from blatantly heeding to all their demands (Arnett and Wittmann 2014). This revolutionary change in the consumer market has brought upon the era of cutthroat competition, and that competition is now starting to choke the small fishes in the market. Hence the world of promotional marketing has changed as well for better or for worse. The business organization are now incorporating more and more tricks up their sleeves (Arnett and Wittmann 2014). With the global trend of inclination towards internet and social media the marketing trends had to incorporate social media marketing as well. Studies suggest that a business market has to include social media and online marketing along with conventional marketing techniques to survive the ever changing market scenarios. This report attempts to formulate a business marketing plan for a company named BBQfun and evaluate different marketing activities in order to evaluate the significance of each (McKenzie, Neiger and Thackeray 2016). Marketing and marketing plans: Marketing plan can be defined as the carefully planned well articulated steps organized in a chronological order that will benefit the organization by increasing the popularity of the organization so that the organization attains stable and continual professional growth. Marketing is considered with needs and wants of the organization aligning with the needs and wants of its consumer market in an effortless manner. BBQfun is a organization opened in 2009 providing extensive range of products be it local or imported goods. However with the onset of 2010 the organization has faced the burn of mounting competition in the retail market. The change in the consumer market has caused the sales status to drop radically (Arnett and Wittmann 2014). The company has attempted to revive its sales patterns in the recent years to return to their standard sales of $11 in the recent years. BBQfun has managed to incorporate changes in their marketing plan to return the consumer base to the maximum. They have two operational outlets in Brisbane and Queensland, both in suburban areas with a multicultural and diverse consumer crowd. However their marketing policy is not very effective in retaining the crowd the manner they are hoping it would. They want to move their sales record to $12 millions within 2012 and to $15 millions within 2015. Along with that they aim to increase the marker shares to 25% within 2012 and increase their customer loyalty list from 8000 to 12000 within the next year as well. Moreover they attempt to increase their brand recognition in Brisbane to a point where at least one out of three residents recognize the rand name. However their marketing plans are not much to achieve all these goals. Analyzing this situation in elaborative effort, the target market profiling for the company is vastly lacking. The target market from Brisbane has enough detail on teir inclination towards renovation, however for the other nearby suburbs, there is no information on the lifestyle inclination of the residents. This differential knowledge on target market has drastically affected the sales pattern and market recognition. Due to the faulty and backdated market strategy the BBQfun authority has resorted to online and electronic media marketing to revive the sales pattern. However it albeit reviving the sakes to some extent is not nearly enough for the goals set for the future and support the great expense for expansion of the business. As a result the gross sales of the company has increased markedly with the net profit remaining flat as before. The market shares and net sales has improved gradually however the profit is emptied out by the massive expense of advertising and online media marketing, there is need for strategic improvisations to the market plan (Ashley and Tuten 2015). Marketing policies and procedures: Along with keeping in par with market trends for a business organization to strive it is important for the organization to comply with the regulatory legislations (Galician 2013). The policies apply to all the staff and is available to all the employees in BBQfun premises. The market plan complies with the privacy act, no call registration legislation, no discrimination policy and competition and consumerism act. The employees are to adhere rto the legislations na marketing policy at all circumstances. Recommendations: In my opinion BBQfun is attempting to sell an extensive range of retail and lifestyle needs and is mainly in the suburban area. Hence their target market is the middle class suburban residents of Brisbane and Queensland and the surrounding area, the small business vendors and local markets. The previous marketing activities that have been incorporated by the company include major emphasis on the electronic marketing and advertisements. It has to be considered that the electronic marketing and advertisement promotion was a trend of the last decade (Grnroos and Grnroos 2016). In todays scenario, it is not only useless but is also too expensive to be useful. The company could increase the sales considerably but the most of the profit went to feed the marketing campaign and rendered the entire effort useless. They are in dire need of powerhouse marketing incorporating corporate marketing skills coupled with more modern techniques that can capture the attention of the target market they are aiming for (Hallbck and Gabrielsson 2013). As a suggestion i would recommend the company to invest in online media marketing with excellent PR professionals devoted to the social media growth of the company (McKenzie, Neiger and Thackeray 2016). It has to be considered that the generation of today spends much more time surfing internet than watching television or reading newspapers. Investing in sources that will actually reach their target market will definitely boost their profit and will also curb their skyrocketing marketing expense (McKenzie, Neiger and Thackeray 2016). Legislation : the legislation that align with the changes neded to be incorporating ino the marketing plan include Adhere to Privacy Act. Adhere to Do Not Call Register legislation Adhere to anti-discrimination policy (Ryan 2016) Adhere to the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (formerly the Trade Practices Act). The outcome that this method will construct will be a significant rise in their sales graph, and instant boost to their profit range. Along with that they will get the boost to their market popularity as well that will increase their market shares markedly and widen their customer base in the period of a year or two (Sah and Fugh-Berman 2013).alysis Reference List: Arnett, D.B. and Wittmann, C.M., 2014. Improving marketing success: The role of tacit knowledge exchange between sales and marketing.Journal of Business Research,67(3), pp.324-331. Ashley, C. and Tuten, T., 2015. Creative strategies in social media marketing: An exploratory study of branded social content and consumer engagement.Psychology Marketing,32(1), pp.15-27. Galician, M.L., 2013.Handbook of product placement in the mass media: New strategies in marketing theory, practice, trends, and ethics. Routledge. Grnroos, C. and Grnroos, C., 2016. Internationalization strategies for services: a retrospective.Journal of Services Marketing,30(2), pp.129-132. Hallbck, J. and Gabrielsson, P., 2013. Entrepreneurial marketing strategies during the growth of international new ventures originating in small and open economies.International Business Review,22(6), pp.1008-1020. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. McKenzie, J.F., Neiger, B.L. and Thackeray, R., 2016.Planning, implementing evaluating health promotion programs: A primer. Pearson. Ryan, D., 2016.Understanding digital marketing: marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Kogan Page Publishers. Sah, S. and Fugh-Berman, A., 2013. Physicians under the influence: social psychology and industry marketing strategies. Senge, P.M., 2014.The fifth discipline fieldbook: Strategies and tools for building a learning organization. Crown Business. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Strauss, J., 2016.E-marketing. Routledge. Turnbull, P.W. and Valla, J.P. eds., 2013.Strategies for international industrial marketing. Routledge.